Story of the Battle of Badr in the Quran and Sunnah

Quran 3:123 names Badr, reminding the believers that Allah had given them victory there while they were in a weak position. The passage in Surah al-Anfal, verses 5 to 19, tells much of the story.

Ka'b ibn Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported in Sahih al-Bukhari (3951) that the Prophet ﷺ went out intending to meet a caravan of the Quraysh, until Allah brought the Muslims and their enemy together without an appointment. No one who stayed behind was blamed for it.

Quran 8:5-7 describes the mood. A group of the believers were unwilling to go, as if driven toward death. Allah had promised them one of the two groups, and they wished it to be the unarmed one, the caravan. But Allah intended to establish the truth by His words and to cut off the roots of the disbelievers.

The Quran does not give the numbers of the armies. The hadith do. In the narration of Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) in Sahih Muslim (1763), the polytheists were a thousand and the Prophet's ﷺ companions were three hundred and nineteen. Al-Bara' (may Allah be pleased with him) said in Sahih al-Bukhari (3959) that the companions of Badr were three hundred and some ten, like the number of the companions of Talut. Books of biography often give about 313, so it is safest to say about three hundred and ten or more.

The exact day is also not given in the Quran. The Muslims fought in Ramadan of the second year after the Hijra, and scholars of history differ on the day, with the 17th often mentioned.

Umar reported in Sahih Muslim (1763) that when the Prophet ﷺ looked at the polytheists and at his companions, he faced the qibla, stretched out his hands and called on his Lord: "O Allah, fulfil for me what You promised me. O Allah, bring what You promised me. O Allah, if this band of Muslims is destroyed, You will not be worshipped on earth."

He kept calling on his Lord, with hands stretched out, until his cloak fell from his shoulders. Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) picked it up, put it back, and held him from behind, saying that his pleading to his Lord was enough, for Allah would fulfil what He promised. Then Allah revealed Quran 8:9, that He would reinforce them with a thousand angels following one another.

Quran 8:10 says that Allah made this only glad tidings and reassurance for their hearts, and that victory is only from Allah. Quran 8:11 says that He covered them with drowsiness as a security from Him, and sent rain to purify them, remove the evil whispering of Satan, steady their hearts and plant their feet firmly. In 8:12 Allah tells the angels that He is with them, and to strengthen the believers.

Quran 3:124-126 also speaks of reinforcement with three thousand angels and then five thousand, on condition of patience and piety. Scholars differ on whether those verses were said at Badr or at Uhud, but the verse before them speaks of Badr. Again the Quran says it is only glad tidings, and victory is only from Allah.

In Sahih Muslim (1763), Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that a Muslim chasing a polytheist heard the strike of a whip above him and a rider's voice saying, "Advance, Haizum." The polytheist fell, and he saw his face marked as if by a whip. When the man told the Prophet ﷺ, he said that he had told the truth, and that this was from the help of the third heaven.

Quran 8:17 says that the believers did not kill them, but Allah did, and "you threw not when you threw, but Allah threw". Some commentators mention that this refers to a handful of dust thrown toward the enemy by the Prophet ﷺ. According to Sahih Muslim (1763), seventy of the polytheists were killed and seventy were captured that day. Quran 8:15-16 also commands the believers not to turn their backs when they meet the disbelievers advancing.

The Quran does not give the numbers of the Muslims or the polytheists, the exact date, or the names of most of the fighters. It also does not describe how the angels fought, apart from what is said above. We should not add details from weak stories.

The people of Badr have a special place. In Sahih al-Bukhari (3007), the Prophet ﷺ said about Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a, who had fought at Badr, that Allah may have looked at the people of Badr and said: "Do what you wish, I have forgiven you." Scholars explained this as great good news of forgiveness for them, not permission to disobey Allah.

• Victory is from Allah alone. Quran 8:10 and 3:126 stress this, so the believers should take the means and then rely on Him.
• Make dua with humility, even when Allah has promised. The Prophet ﷺ pleaded until his cloak fell, and Allah answered.
• Allah's plan can be better than ours. The believers wished for the caravan, but Allah brought a decisive meeting that established the truth (8:7).
• Calm and steadiness come from Allah. He sent drowsiness and rain to settle the hearts and steady the feet (8:11).
• Sincere effort is honoured by Allah. He gave the people of Badr a special place and good news of forgiveness.